These days, investors can track at any moment how the market’s daily ups and downs are affecting their wealth.
Even investors with multiple investment accounts spread across different firms can calculate changes in their net worth in real time, thanks to websites and apps that do all of the work for them.
One might think that having all of this information would make people more financially savvy, especially when it comes to saving for retirement. New research, however, suggests that for many people, it may be the opposite.
That’s in part because many of the digital tools used to track net worth present information in a way that leads some investors to develop mistaken beliefs about how much money they actually have for retirement.
To understand why this is so, consider a phenomenon known as the illusion of wealth and the illusion of poverty, which we, along with researcher Daniel Goldstein at Microsoft Research, studied in a paper published in the Journal of Marketing Research.
To see which illusion you might suffer from, assume you have $1 million for retirement. How adequate does this amount seem on a seven-point scale, with one being “totally inadequate” and seven being “totally adequate”?
Next, assume you have $5,000 to spend every month during your retirement. How adequate does this amount seem on that same seven-point scale?
The first thing to note is that these two amounts are roughly equivalent based on current annuity pricing. (A rule of thumb is that monthly annuity payments are about 1/200th of the corresponding lump sum, assuming they begin at age 65.) And yet, despite this equivalence, people often have sharply different feelings about the two financial descriptions.
Reinforcing illusions
Most tools give savers the total amount saved—the $1 million. The problem is that depending on how you answered the above question, you will view that $1 million differently.
Some people feel that $1 million is a much more adequate amount than $5,000 a month. These people tend to suffer from the illusion of wealth. Because they get a false sense of security from seemingly large monetary amounts, such as those that appear when they check their accounts, they behave as if the $1 million is more than $5,000 in monthly income. This can lead some people to undersave for retirement. One million dollars might seem like a lot—especially if you’re viewing all of those zeros on a small smartphone screen—but it isn’t nearly enough for those expecting to have, say, $8,000 a month to spend over a 20- to 30-year retirement.
Yet, other people feel that $5,000 a month is more adequate than a $1 million lump sum. They suffer from the illusion of poverty. Because they might be inclined to think about wealth in terms of monthly income as opposed to a large sum, they incorrectly assume that the $1 million they see on the screen equates to less than $5,000 a month. Instead of living the lifestyle they can afford, they worry they’re running out of money and act accordingly, skipping trips and scrimping on prescriptions.
Ironically, the illusion of poverty becomes more prevalent as the amounts of money get bigger. This is likely due to a “ceiling effect”: A million dollars is a lot of money, but so is $2 million, and so is $4 million. In short, people become desensitized to large sums; all of those extra millions lose their meaning.
In contrast, differences in monthly income still feel consequential to them as wealth increases. This is largely because we’re used to thinking of expenses in terms of monthly amounts, whether it’s a car lease or health insurance or a mortgage payment. So for some people, getting $20,000 a month might seem like a lot of money, even when having the roughly equivalent lump sum of $4 million might not.
And this brings us back to the display of financial information in the digital age. Unfortunately, the vast majority of websites and apps tend to reinforce both of these illusions by displaying our net worth and savings in terms of lump sums, not projected monthly income. Some even display largely irrelevant things like credit-card points or airline miles. The danger is that those who suffer an illusion of wealth may think they have more than they actually have, and risk overspending, while those who suffer an illusion of poverty may think they have less, and underspend.
Easy fix
There is an easy fix for these two illusions. Instead of highlighting only total wealth, financial websites and apps should help people focus on their projected monthly income, too. It’s this amount, after all, that puts our wealth in perspective, helping us understand the meaning of these large monetary amounts.
For the past several years, bipartisan legislation has been pending in Congress that would require employer-sponsored retirement plans to provide participants with a projection of monthly income in retirement based on their savings. While the bill has yet to become law, some plans have started to show monthly equivalents voluntarily. It is time for financial websites and apps to do the same.
Instead of focusing our attention on small daily fluctuations in overall wealth—such changes rarely matter anyway—they should encourage us to think about how our savings will impact our lifestyle in retirement. Will we have to cut back? Or can we still afford the life we want?